Scale attachment and detachment: The role of hydrodynamics and surface morphology

Crystallization fouling presents a significant challenge in wide range of industries. Accurate understanding crystal formation is crucial for planning preventative measures and maximizing the effectiveness maintenance interventions. In this study, we demonstrate that net deposition rates depends on knowledge detachment mechanisms distribution characteristics. We quantify once-through flow set-up visualize through high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning. Additionally, height deposited crystals computed surface texture parameters. Finally, use computational fluid dynamics, implementing large-eddy simulations turbulence modelling Eulerian transport chemical species, to describe bulk wall reactions energy mass turbulent eddies. Results show attachment processes depend hydrodynamics; influx material determines overall surface, while pattern governed by morphology initial morphology. Our findings provide foundation present template developing more accurate prediction models.